SnapShot: Effector Proteins of Type III Secretion Systems

SopE/SopE2 Salmonella enterica Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Rho family GTPases Stimulation of actin reorganization and bacterial entry into nonphagocytic cells; nuclear responses SptP (N terminus)/YopE/ ExoS (N terminus) S. enterica/Yersinia spp./Pseudomonas aeruginosa GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Rho-family GTPases Recovery of the actin cytoskeleton after bacterial internalization (SptP); disruption of the actin cytoskeleton (YopE/ExoS) SipA S. enterica Actin nucleator Actin Stimulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization and bacterial entry into nonphagocytic cells SopA S. enterica HECT-like ubiquitin ligase Unknown Promotes inflammation SopB/IpgB S. enterica/ Shigella spp. Phosphoinositide and inositol phosphate phosphatase Phosphoinositides and inositol phosphates Stimulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization and macropinocytosis; bacterial internalization into nonphagocytic cells; modulation of vesicular trafficking SipC S. enterica Actin bundling Actin Modulation of actin cytoskeleton to promote bacterial internalization into host cells SifA S. enterica Recruits SKIP to the Salmonella-containing vacuole SKIP and kinesin Modulation of vesicular trafficking SseJ S. enterica Deacylase Unknown Unknown SseL S. enterica Ubiquitin protease Ubiquitin Macrophage killing SrfH S. enterica Unknown TRIP6 Promotes motility of infected cells SspH1 S. enterica Unknown PKN1 Inhibition of host inflammatory response? YopJ/AvrA/AvrBsT (and other family members) Yersinia spp./ S. enterica Acetyl transferase/cysteine protease MAPKK and IKK family members; SUMO? Disruption of MAP kinase and NF-κB signaling (YopJ); disruption of plant defense responses (AvrBsT) PipB2 S. enterica Recruitment of kinesin Kinesin Phagosome movement along microtubules? YopT/HopC1 (and other family members) Yersinia spp./ Pseudomonas syringae Protease Rho-family GTPases (YopT); PBS1 kinase (AvrPphB) Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton (YopT); modulates the jasmonic acid defense response in plants (AvrPphB) YopH/SptP (C terminus) Yersinia spp./S. enterica Protein tyrosine phosphatase Many Disruption of macrophage functions (YopH); disruption of MAP kinase signaling (SptP) YpkA Yersinia spp.